Control of exposure

Nanoparticles are present in the air we breathe every day arising from a range of naturally occurring and man-made sources largely associated with combustion processes. However new, deliberately manufactured, nanoparticles with different sizes, composition and properties also present the possibility of exposure.

In the occupational setting, there are a limited number of nanomaterials produced in high volume but a wider range of materials at an R&D scale of preparation. Workers may be exposed during the production of nanoparticles, (including synthesis, recovery, cleaning etc), use of nanoparticles in downstream applications, or during the use or processing of products containing nanoparticles.

Therefore the numbers of workers in industry, commerce and research settings who may be exposed to particles is increasing and the need for adequate assessment and control of emissions and exposure is paramount.

Consumer exposure to nanoparticles in retail products, for example textiles, household sprays, cosmetics and personal care products and sunscreens, is also possible. The properties (chemical entity, shape, concentration etc) of the nanomaterial in the consumer product, the application of the product (where, how, how much, how long) and the route of exposure (via inhalation, ingestion or via skin) are all important factors which contribute to the potential risks from the nanomaterial.